Transmitter Groups
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UIP utilizes independent transmitter groups to process messages across networks, ensuring scalability and preventing transaction backlogs. Each transmitter group’s Transactions Per Second (TPS) is designed to match or exceed the TPS of the network it serves, maintaining efficiency and speed.
Transmitters operate exclusively within a single network, except for utility networks. To mitigate delays caused by consensus tasks like message validation and signature generation, UIP enables multiple parallel transmitter groups. This parallel structure accelerates processing while preserving message sequences and nonces, ensuring reliable and orderly cross-network communication.
UIP optimizes transmitters to improve scalability and efficiency in cross-chain messaging. These changes simplify integration for new protocols and streamline functionality for developers.
Single Network Focus: Transmitters work exclusively in one network plus the Entangle blockchain, allowing them to specialize and maximize performance. This eliminates the inefficiency of spreading resources across multiple chains.
Dual Functionality: Transmitters act as both transmitters and executors simultaneously. They handle the entire process — relaying messages and executing transactions — removing the need for separate entities to manage these tasks.
No More Protocol-Specific Executors: Protocols no longer need to deploy their own executors. They only need to know . This drastically reduces the complexity of integrating with Photon, making it plug-and-play.
New Networks Manage Their Own Transmitters: When a new network is added, only that network needs to deploy transmitters to activate cross-chain messaging. Existing networks don’t need to manage transmitter deployment, streamlining onboarding and scalability.
Super Transmitters are specialized validators that enhance security and decentralization by validating cross-chain messages without executing transactions. They add a layer of scrutiny to confirm or reject messages, reducing fraud risks. Often public figures or trusted entities, they play a key role in achieving consensus and receive a share of protocol revenue as compensation for maintaining network reliability.
The concept of the Super Transmitter introduces an additional layer of security and decentralization within the message transmission system. The Super Transmitter acts as both a counterbalance to regular transmitters and a facilitator for their connections. Key characteristics include:
Transaction Oversight: Unlike regular transmitters, Super Transmitters do not engage in executing operations on the destination network. Instead, they confirm or reject transactions originating from the source network, adding an extra layer of scrutiny.
Public Figures as Transmitters: The role can be assumed by public figures such as companies or influencers, whose accounts are integrated through Governance or DAO. This approach leverages their credibility to enhance trust within the network.
Super Transmitters play a critical role in the security and decentralization of UIP. These trusted entities—potentially public figures or organizations—validate transactions without executing them, adding a layer of scrutiny to ensure message integrity. Initially, only Entangle transmitters will act as Super Transmitters for controlled testing and refinement.
Super Transmitters are rewarded by receiving a percentage of the income generated by regular transmitters. The specific share of income allocated to Super Transmitters is determined through feedback from the community and the transmitters themselves, ensuring a balanced distribution of rewards. This reward structure incentivizes Super Transmitters to maintain high levels of reliability and trust within the network.
UIP introduces an efficient and scalable approach to transmitter management through dynamic grouping and rotation, designed to enhance performance, scalability, and decentralization.
UIP supports infinite scalability by enabling the addition of new transmitter groups as blockchains are integrated into the network. This horizontal scaling allows UIP to handle increasing transaction volumes and network participation without compromising speed or efficiency.
UIP rotates transmitters regularly to ensure fairness, decentralization, and optimized performance. Rotation is based on staking size and recent activity, prioritizing higher-staked and active agents for message handling. This approach prevents any single agent or group from gaining excessive control, promoting a decentralized and secure network.
Single Network Specialization
Each transmitter group processes messages for a single network, optimizing performance and minimizing delays caused by network-specific conditions such as validation times and signature generation. Utility networks are an exception, where multiple agent groups may interact.
Parallel Groups for High-TPS Networks
For networks with high transactions per second, UIP enables multiple parallel transmitter groups to process messages. This ensures backlogs are prevented and high throughput is maintained. Parallel processing allows the system to scale efficiently as transaction loads increase.
Dynamic Group Splitting
When transaction volumes exceed thresholds, transmitter groups can split into smaller units. E.g., a group with 6 may split to handle messages independently, enabling real-time scalability.
Random Assignment
Messages are randomly assigned to a transmitter group on the source chain and routed through a Layer 2 (L2) utility network for consensus.
Secure Message Execution
With one endpoint per chain, UIP prevents double execution risks, streamlining message processing and ensuring secure cross-chain transactions.
Executor Selection
The L2 network is determined by the message index. Once consensus is reached, an executor is selected from the active agents through a double-selection process, ensuring fairness and efficiency.
